Penyakit Darah Tinggi (Hipertensi)
Hipertensi juga disebut sebagai tekanan darah tinggi (HTN atau HPN) adalah suatu kondisi medis di mana tekanan darah tinggi yang berkesinambungan atau menurut JNC-7 (Joint National Comitte) hipertensi adalah kenaikan tekanan darah arteri yang tetap.
Dalam penggunaan saat ini, kata "hipertensi" biasanya merujuk ke sistemik (hipertensi arterial). Sedangkan jenis lain adalah pulmonary hipertensi yang melibatkan sirkulasi paru-paru.
Klasifikasi Tekanan Darah (Menurut JNC-7)
Klasifikasi SISTOL (mmHg) DIASTOL (mmHg)
Normal Dibawah 120 Dibawah 80
Prehipertensi 120-139 80-89
Stage 1 hipertensi 140-159 90-99
Stage 2 hipertensi Diatas 160 Diatas 100
Bila tekanan darah sisitol lebih dari sama dengan 140 mmHg dan tekanan darah diastol kurang dari 90 mmHg dinamakan Isolated systole hipertension
Patofisiologi Hipertensi
a. Hipertensi esensial (Hipetensi primer) bersifat idiopatik yang belum jelaspenyebabnya. Dipengaruhi usia, kelamin, merokok, kolesterol, berat badan.
b. Hipertensi sekunder. Dipengaruhi oleh obat, penyakit ginjal, penyakit endokrin (diabetes melitus, tiroid, Cushing).
Gejala: Kebanyakan tidak menunjukkan gejala (asymptomatic)
Tanda-tanda klinik Hipertensi
• Pusing paroksimal
• Berkeringat
• Takikardia
• Palpitasi
Faktor Resiko Hipertensi:
• Merokok
• Obesitas (BMI lebih dari sama dengan 30)
• Immobilitas (kurang gerak)
• Dislipidemia (kadar lemak/kolesterol dalam darah yang tinggi)
• Diabetes melitus
• Mikroalbuminuria (terdapat albumin dalam urin) atau perkiraan GFR kurang dari 60 ml/menit
• Umur (lebih dari 55 tahun untuk laki-laki, lebih dari 65 tahun untuk perempuan)
• Riwayat keluarga
Terapi Hipertensi:
1. Terapi non farmakologi
o Bagi yang obesitas, turunkan berat badan
o Diet garam (kurang dari 2.4 g/hari)
o Kurangi konsumsi lemak
o Tidak merokok, kurangi kopi, alkohol
o Istirahat cukup
o Olahraga teratur
2. Terapi Farmakologi
Obat yang bisa digunakan antara lain:
o Golongan ACE-1 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor)
Obat-obat golongan ini bekerja menghambat perubahan Angiotensin I (AT I) menjadi Angiotensin II (AT II) yang merupakan vasokonstriktor kuat. Obat-obat golongan ini seperti captopril,lisinopril, enalapril dll
o Golongan ACE-2 (ARB= Angiotensin Reseptor Blocker)
Golongan obat ini bekerja mengeblok reseptor Angiotensin II (AT II) subtipe ATI. Golongan obat-obat ini seperti losartan, irbesartan dll.
o Alfa-1 bloker
Obat golongan ini bekerja mengeblok reseptor alpha 1 yang mengakibatkan vasodilatasi. Obat-obat golongan ini seperti prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin dll.
o Beta bloker (mengeblok reseptor beta)
Obat-obat golongan ini seperti: propranolol, atenolol, metaprolol dll.
o Ca channel bloker
Bekerja menghambat masuknya calsium ke otot pembuluh darah, obat-obatnya seperti : diltiazem, nifedipin, verapamil, amlodipin dll.
o Diuretik
Obat-obat diuretik bekerja dengan menurunkan reabsorbsi elektrolit di tubulus dan meningkatkan ekskresi air dan NaCl. - Golongan diuretik antara lain: HCT (Hidroklorotiazid), spironolakton, furosemid dll.
Minggu, 16 Januari 2011
Selasa, 16 November 2010
lagu-lagu
The best thing about tonight's that we're not fighting
Could it be that we have been this way before
I know you don't think that I am trying
I know you're wearing thin down to the core
But hold your breathe
Because tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
Your impossible to find
This is not what I intended
I always swore to you i'd never fall apart
You always thought that I was stronger
I may of failed
But I have loved you from the start
Ohhhh
But hold your breathe
Because tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
It's impossible
So breathe in so deep
Breathe me in
I'm yours to keep
And hold onto your words
Cuz talk is cheap
And remember me tonight
When your asleep
Because tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
Tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
Your impossible to find
Could it be that we have been this way before
I know you don't think that I am trying
I know you're wearing thin down to the core
But hold your breathe
Because tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
Your impossible to find
This is not what I intended
I always swore to you i'd never fall apart
You always thought that I was stronger
I may of failed
But I have loved you from the start
Ohhhh
But hold your breathe
Because tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
It's impossible
So breathe in so deep
Breathe me in
I'm yours to keep
And hold onto your words
Cuz talk is cheap
And remember me tonight
When your asleep
Because tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
Tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
Your impossible to find
Minggu, 07 November 2010
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